Selected
literature on cooperative behavior in carnivores
General behavior:
Fox, M. W. 1973. Social-ecological implications of individual differences
in wolf litters: a developmental and evolutionary perspective. Behav. 41:298-313.
Goodmann, P. A. and Klinghammer, E. 1990. Wolf Ethogram. North American
Wildlife Park, Battle Ground, IN.
Mech, L. D. 1994. Buffer zones of territories of gray wolves as regions of intraspecific
strife. J. Mammal. 75:199-202.
Mech, L. D. 1995. Summer movements and behavior of an Arctic wolf, Canis lupus, pack
without pups. Can. Field-Natur. 110:473-475.
Zimen, E. 1982. A Wolf Pack Sociogram. In: Wolves of the World: Perspectives of Behavior,
Ecology, and Conservation. Eds: F. H. Harrington and P. C. Paquet. Noyes Publications,
Park Ridge, N.J.
Zimen, E. 1987. Ontogeny of approach and flight behavior towards humans in wolves, poodles
and wolf-poodle hybrids. 275-292 in Frank, H., ed. Man and wolf. Dr. W. Junk Pub.,
Dordrecht.
Cooperative Behavior:
Heinsohn, R. & Packer, C. 1995. Complex cooperative strategies in group-territorial
African lions. Science, 269, 1260-1262.
Heinsohn, R., Packer, C. & Pusey, A. 1996. Development of cooperative territoriality
in juvenile lions. Proc. Royal Soc. London-B, 263, 475-479.
Krebs & Davies, ch. 11, 12
Lewis, S. E. and Pusey, A. E. 1997. Factors influencing the occurrence of
communal care in plural breeding mammals. 335-363 in Solomon, N. G. and J. A. French, ed.
Cooperative breeding in mammals. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
Macdonald, D. W. and Moehlman, P. D. 1982. Cooperation, altruism, and rstraint in the
reproduction of carnivores. In Perspectives in Ethology, Vol. 5, ed. P.P.G. Bateson and
P.H. Klopfer, 433-467.
Moehlman, P. 1986. Ecology of cooperation in canids. 64-86 in Rubenstein,
C. I. and R. W. Wrangham, ed. Ecological aspects of social evolution. Princeton Univ.
Press, Princeton, N.J.
Snowdon, C. T. 1996. Infant care in cooperatively breeding species. Adv.
Study Behav. 25:643-689.
Courtship & Reproduction:
Asa, C. S. In press. Hormonal and experiential factors in the expression of social and
parental behavior in canids. In French and Solomon, ed. Cooperative breeding in mammals.
Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
Bernal, J.F. and Packard, J.M. 1997. Differences in winter activity,
courtship, and social behavior of two captive family groups of Mexican wolves (Canis lupus
baileyi). Zoo Biology. 16:435-443.
Boyd, D. K. and Jimenez, M. D. 1994. Successful rearing of young by wild wolves without
mates. J. Mamm. 75:14-17.
Boyd, D. K., Ream, R. R., Pletscher, D. H. and Fairchild, M. W. 1993. Variation in denning
and parturition dates of a wild gray wolf, Canis lupus, in the Rocky Mountains. Can.
Field-Nat. 107:359-360.
Boyd, D. K., Ream, R. R., Pletscher, D. H. and Fairchaild, M. W. 1994 In
press. Delayed reproduction of a wild wolf in the Rocky Mountains. Can. Field-Nat.
Derix, R., van Hooff, J., Devries, H. and Wensing, J. 1993. Male and female mating
competition in wolves - female suppression vs. male intervention. Behav. 127:141-174.
Fentress, J. C. 1982. Conflict and context in sexual behaviour. 579-613 in
Hutchinson, J., ed. Biological determinants of sexual behaviour. J. Wiley & Sons, New
York.
Knick, S. T. and Mech, L. D. 1980. Sleeping distance in wild wolf packs. Behav. and Neural
Biol. 28:507-511.
Krebs & Davies, ch. 8
McLeod, P. J., et al. 1996. The relation between urinary cortisol level and social
behavior in captive timber wolves. Can. J. Zool. 74:209-216.
Mech, L. D. and Seal, U. S. 1987. Premature reproductive activity in wild wolves. J. Mamm.
68:871-873..
Medjo, D. C. and Mech, L. D. 1976. Reproductive activity in nine and ten month old wolves.
J. Mamm. 57:406-408.
Packard, J. M. In press. Developmental, social and reproductive behavior. In: The Ecology,
Behavior and Conservation of the Wolf. (Ed. by J. M. Lakoski, J. R. Perez-Polo, and D. K.
Rassin) New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc. pp. 525-543.
Packard, J. M., Mech, L. D., & Seal, U. S. 1983. Social influences on reproduction in
wolves. In: Wolves in Canada and Alaska: their status, biology and management. (Ed. by L.
Carbyn), pp.78-85. Ottawa: Canadian Wildlife Service Report Series No. 45. Ottawa.
Packard, J. M, Seal, U.S., Mech. L. D. & Poltka, E. D. 1985. Causes of reproductive
failure in two family groups of wolves (Canis lupus). Zeit. Tierpsyc. 68, 24-40.
Peterson, R. O. 1979. Social rejection following mating of a subordinate wolf. J. Mamm.
60:219-221.
Peterson, R. O. 1979. Social rejection following mating of a subordinate wolf. J. Mamm.
60:219-221.
Seal, U. S., Plotka, E. D., Mech, D. and Packard, J. M. 1987. Seasonal metabolic and
reproductive cycles in wolves. 109-125 in Frank, H., ed. Man and wolf. Dr. W. Junk
Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Smith, D., et al. 1997. Is incest common in gray wolf packs? Behavioral Ecology 8:000-000.
Waser, P.M., Austad, St.N., and Keane, B. 1986. When should animals tolerate inbreeding?
American Naturalist. 128(4):529-537.
Breeding Supression:
Packard, J. M. 1980. Deferred reproduction in wolves (Canis lupus). Ph. D. dissertation,
University of Minnesota, Minnesota.
Packard, J. M. 1989. Olfaction, ovulation, and sexual competition in monogamous mammals.
525-543 in Lakoski, J. M., et al., ed. Neural control of reproductive function. Alan R.
Liss, Inc., New York.
Denning Behavior:
Ballard, W.B., Ayres, L.A., Gardner, C.L., and J.W. Foster. 1991. Den Site Activity
Patterns of Gray Wolves, Canis lupus, in Southcentral Alaska. Can. Field-Natur. 105(4):
497-504.
Carbyn, L. 1975. Wolf predation and behavioral interactions with elk and other ungulates
in an area of high prey diversity. Ph. D. dissertation, University of Toronto. pp. 45-56.
Fentress, J. C. 1967. Observations on the behavioral development of a hand-reared male
timber wolf. Amer. Zool. 7:339-351.
Fentress, J. C. and Ryan, J. 1982. A long-term study of distributed pup feeding in captive
wolves. 238-261 in Harrington, F. H. and P. C. Paquet, ed. Wolves of the world:
perspectives of behavior, ecology and conservation. Noyes Pub., Park Ridge, NJ.
Harrington, F. H. and Mech, L. D. 1978. Howling at two Minnesota wolf pack summer
homesites. Can. J. Zool. 56:2024-2028.
Harrington, F. H. and Mech, L. D. 1982a. Fall and winter homesite use by wolves in
northeastern Minnesota. Can. Field-Nat. 96:79-84.
Harrington, F. H. and Mech, L. D. 1982b. Patterns of homesite attendance
in two Minnesota wolf packs. 81-105 in Harrington, F. H. and P. C. Paquet, ed. Wolves of
the World: Perspectives of Behavior, Ecology and Conservation. Noyes Publ., Park Ridge,
N.J.
Harrington, F. H., Mech, L. D. and Fritts, S. H. 1983. Pack size and wolf pup survival:
their relationship under varying ecological conditions. Behavioral Ecology and
Sociobiology. 13:19-26.
Mech, L. D., Phillips, M. K., Smith, D. W. and Kreeger, T. J. 1996.
Denning behavior of non-gravid wolves, Canis lupus. Can. Field. Natur. 110:343-345.
Packard, J. M., Mech, L. D. and Ream, R. R. 1992. Weaning in an artic wolf
pack: behavioral mechanisms. Can. J. Zool. 70-1269-1275.
Paquet, P. C., Bragdon, S. and McCusker, S. 1982. Cooperative rearing of simultaneous
litters in captive wolves. 223-237 in Harrington, F. H. and P. C. Paquet, ed. Wolves of
the world. Noyes Pub., Park Ridge, N. J.
Ryon, C. J. 1977. Den digging and related behavior in a captive timber wolf pack. J.
Mammal. 58:87-89.
Endangered Species Act
Food Caching:
Phillips, D. P., Danilchuck, W., Ryon, J. and Fentress, J. C. 1990.
Food-caching in timber wolves and the question of rules of action syntax. Behav. Brain
Res. 38:1-6.
Helping Behavior:
Emlen, St. T. 1982. The evolution of helping. I. An ecological constraints model. Amer.
Nat., 119, 29-39.
Hatier-Riess, K.G. and Crabtree, R.L. Unpublished report. The effects of
helping behaviours on Coyote (Canis latrans) packs in Yellowstone National Park, WY.
Homesite Activity:
Harrington, F. H. and Mech. L. D. 1982. Fall and winter homesite use by wolves in
northeastern Minnesota. Can. Field-Nat. 96-79-84.
Packard, J. M. In press. Developmental, social and reproductive behavior. In: The Ecology,
Behavior and Conservation of the Wolf. (Ed. by J. M. Lakoski, J. R. Perez-Polo, and D. K.
Rassin) New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc. pp. 525-543.
General:
Geffen, E., Gompper, M.E., Gittleman, J.L., Luh, H.K., Macdonald, D.W. and
Wayne, R.K. 1996. Size, life-history traits, and social organization in the canidae: a
reevaluation. The American Naturalist. 147(1):140-160.
Mech, L. D. 1993a. Resistance of young wolf pups to inclement weather. J. Mamm.
74:485-486.
Packard, J. M. In press. Developmental, social and reproductive behavior. In: The Ecology,
Behavior and Conservation of the Wolf. (Ed. by J. M. Lakoski, J. R. Perez-Polo, and D. K.
Rassin) New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc. pp. 525-543.
Packard, J. M. In press. Social context of learning in wolf families: developmental
perspectives. In: Mammalian social learning: comparative and ecological perspectives. (Ed.
by H. O. Box & K. R. Gibson). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
Mating Systems:
Krebs and Davies, ch. 9
Monogamy:
Harrington, F. H., Paquet, P. C., Ryon, J. and Fentress, J. C. 1982. Monogamy in wolves: A
review of the evidence. 209-222 in Harrington, F. H. and P. C. Paquet, ed. Wolves of the
world: perspectives of behavior, ecology and conservation. Noyes Pub., Park Ridge, N.J.
Kleiman, D. G. 1977. Monogamy in mammals. Quart. Rev. Biol. 52:39-69.
Polygamy:
Mech, L. D. and Nelson, M. E. 1989. Polygyny in a wild wolf pack. J. Mamm. 70:675-676.
Pair Bonds:
Rothman, R. and Mech, L. 1979. Scent-marking in lone wolves and newly formed pairs. Anim.
Behav. 27:750-760.
Parental Care:
Asa, C.S. In press. Hormonal and experiential factors in the expression of social and
parental behavior in canids. In French and Solomon, ed. Cooperative breeding in mammals.
Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
Fentress, J. C. and Ryon, J. 1982. A long-term study of distributed pup feeding in captive
wolves. 238-261 in Harrington, F. H. and P. C. Paquet, ed. Wolves of the world:
perspectives of behavior, ecology and conservation. Noyes Pub., Park Ridge, N. J.
Krebs & Davies, ch. 9
Pup Behavior:
MacDonald, K. 1987. Development and stability of personality
characteristics in prepubertal wolves: Implications for pack organization and behavior.
293-312 in Frank, H., ed. Man and wolf. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht.
Relationships:
Appleby, M. 1993. How animals perceive a hierarchy: reactions to Freeman et al.
Anim. Behav. 46:1232-1233.
Barrette, C. 1993. The 'inheritance of dominance', or of an aptitude to dominate? Anim.
Behav. 46:591-593.
Freeman, L. C., Freeman, S. C. and Romney, A. K. 1992. The implications of social
structure for dominance hierarchies in red deer, Cervus elaphus L. Anim. Behav.
44:239-245.
Fentress, J. C. 1992. The covalent animal: on bonds and their boundaries in behavioral
research. 44-71 in David, H. and D. Balfour, ed. The inevitable bond: examining
scientist-animal interactions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Moehlman, P. 1989. Intraspecific variation in canid social systems. 143-163 in Gittleman,
J. L., ed. Carnivore behavior, ecology and evolution. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca.
Van Hooff, J. A. R. A. M. and Wensing, J. A. B. 1987. Dominance and its behavioral
measures in a captive pack. 219-252 in Frank, H., ed. Man and wolf. Dr. W. Junk
Publishers, Dordrecht.